The Attack on Pearl Harbor and its Effects on the War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3360 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/17 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Pearl Harbor Essay World War 2 Essay Did you like this example? Imagine your average Sunday morning. For the sailors in the Naval Fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor it was an average Sunday. Everyone dressed in their pressed white shorts, a white t-shirt, and a sailors hat. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Attack on Pearl Harbor and its Effects on the War" essay for you Create order While out in the Pacific the Japanese Armada gathered, the force consisted of six aircraft carriers, two battleships, two heavy cruisers, and many more forces to aid the attack. This was definitely a planned sneak attack, meant to hurt our navy/military. This attack did catch us off-guard, but they unleashed a sleeping beast. This paper will be about the strategic plan in the western front and the pacific. Also, how men and women and kids all stood up together and all did their part in the war effort overseas and on the Homefront. The patriotism for the American people after the attack is just mind blowing. Just how one substantial event can move a whole nation is mind boggling, and for the mind of a human I dont understand how everyone just came together when imagining it in todays world. With all the things going on in the world and country today I do believe there is still that fight in everyone that is willing to stand up for our country and defend her. The cost of freedom isnt cheap and there are still many good people willing to fight for her and defend her with everything they have including their life. The prime example is the attack on 9/11 and how many kids from that generation who remember it and witnessed it stood up and enlisted in the military. Many of the men and women in the military are part of the generation that witnessed this attack and they decided to enlist due to this attack and do their part in defending our country. To imagine there are kids my age everyday going into harms way to defe nd our country in very humbling and I am very proud to have them on my side in this war. The attack crippled the naval fleet and the US Navy, it destroyed roughly 20 ships and 300 airplanes. More important 2,403 sailors, soldiers and civilians were killed in this is devastating to most Americans to hear due to America attempting to stay neutral in the war, but Japan felt different. This was basically a bloody invitation to go head to head with a well-trained and highly dedicated military in the pacific. For the men who enlisted I have nothing but respect for them, they had no clue what they were getting into, but they stepped up. This is a true show of patriotism, and it makes me wonder if something like this happened today if I could do the same. After the attack the newspapers filled with beliefs of Japanese invading Guam and Philippines. The enlistment craze was the scare of the nation falling to some other country and just pure patriotism. The recruiting offices were jammed pack in all rural areas and men were signing up to go to the war effort, kids started collecti ng scrap metal to make bullets and tanks and planes for the war overseas. Women took over men jobs and showed true feminism in my eyes. They showed they were just as good as men, and I believe they deserve just as much respect as the men some. The men went into areas of war that changed them forever and even lost their lives. One man was in high school months after the attack and the spring of 1942 he was afraid the war was going to be over, and as soon as possible he joined the Army Air Corps. This is just one story of many just alike that will happen, and many men will go into the military and even be under age or not meet requirements but that will not stop them to go to war. This also brought up the draft so every man between the ages 18 to 65 had to sign up for the draft. Over 12 percent of the US population was enlisted, well over 16 million men and women were in the armed forces during this period. With the war this also brought up rationing books and many people would have t o go to food banks to get food with everything going on in the US they had so many downfalls to the country but as a country we had to suffer but, in the end, it worked out. The home front of the war was very different from the day before the attack and the day after. This is a huge change, this would affect many kids as well as their dads and brothers and moms all had to start very different lives, even the kids themselves had to help. Think of being a 9-year-old kid and instead of playing your searching the streets for any metal you can find to recycle for bullets and just everything. Hollywood stars, radio stars, and musicians all enlisted and helped on the home front. As America grew stronger every day on the Homefront the men and women of the armed forces all prepared for war, this war would be completely different from all wars as they will be fighting on two fronts. The western front in the west over in Europe, and in the Eastern front, in the pacific. The pacific to me is very interesting, with the type of battles they encountered and tactics the Japanese used in the conflicts. While in the western front they faced huge enemy bases, and huge bunk ers that would have 200 enemy soldiers fortified. Lets get back to the Eastern front imagine it being the hottest day you have ever felt and add 98% humidity all while packing gear, and any moment your best friend could fall into a booby trap and then a whole little fight breaks out for 2 hours and you get pushed back only to never recover your friend. That would mentally mess with a mans mind as you have the time to set and think about it after all the fighting was done. The battle in the Pacific had to be strategically planned and all movement and footsteps had to be strategically placed due to the potential of death at every footstep. Due to the dense forestry and the enemy fighting in that terrain for many years. Mainly the Marines and the Navy was in the pacific while mostly the Army, Coast Guard, and the Air Force was on the Western front. Lets begin with the Battle of Midway, this was mainly a naval fleet battle between the two competing naval fleets. The battle begun June 3 through the 6th of 1942, and this was mainly fought with aircraft. The battle cost the Imperial army some of their best pilots, and also their ships. The battle began on June 3, 1942, when U.S. bombers from Midway Island struck ineffectually at the Japanese invasion force about 220 miles southwest of the U.S. fleet. Early the next morning Japanese planes from the strike force attacked and bombed Midway heavily, while the Japanese carriers escaped damage from U.S. land-based planes. (Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.). . This battle became one of the most famous battles in the pacific with it being only 3 days. A lot happened in the 3 days this battle lasted . When talking about the battle in the Pacific many people dont understand just how vital this was to the war effort in a whole. The Pacific is a vital naval asset to the war and whomever ran the Pacific basically had control of the war in the Pacific and so on. While out in the water in the ocean and any moment you could have Kamikaze attacks or a enemy submarine shoot torpedoes and theres nothing in this time frame you can do but be prepared and try to fight them off. The war in the Pacific has always intrigued me due to the fighting style of both sides and how they took on the war. The Japanese were more guerilla while the Americans were like patrols and vehicle like Gentlemens Army proper. The best way to describe the war in the Pacific from an American view that I can think of is terrifying. Every day you just walk in the jungle or a ruined city and any moment all hell break loose and half your patrol is wiped out and you have nothing but the gear youre carrying to protect yourself. Many kids my age (18) would not have the capacity mentally to do the things these men did, including me I personally do not know what I would do in some of the situations these men went through. This fighting style could tie back into the Revolutionary War and how that fighting style has just proven to be effective against the opposing force. For example guerilla warfare is one of the most effective ways to fight an army whom sticks to rules of war. While many never thought of tying in the two wars it actually is very similar just flipped roles, the US forces were the gentlemens army and the Japanese were the guerilla warriors. The pacific strategy for both sides was very coordinated and more thorough then many people will ever comprehend. Think about it there are roughly couple thousand miles in between our mainland and Japan, this is very unfortunate and is a huge part that many historians mention. There were many scares on the west coast of the US and how the coast was just so on edge and everyone was waiting for the west coast to become like England and be bombed nightly by the Japanese bombers. One scare was the Battle of Los Angeles, this was just an event to be cause by the tense feeling of the US and the attacks from the Japanese. In the frantic weeks that followed the Pearl Harbor attack, many Americans believed that enemy raids on the continental United States were imminent. On December 9, 1941, unsubstantiated reports of approaching aircraft had caused a minor invasion panic in New York City and sent stock prices tumbling. On the West Coast, inexperienced pilots and radar men had mistaken fishing boats, logs and even whales for Japanese warships and submarines. Tensions were high, and they only grew after U.S. Secretary of War Henry Stimson warned that American cities should be prepared to accept occasional blows from enemy forces.. This statement from this source just shows how on edge the coast was and the fact that the US actually was scared at one point of being attacked shows that even the superpowers have the constant fear of being attacked and knocked down. Which our country was knocked down for that day and night, but we stood up and took up for ourselves. One point of this war after the attack was solely based on just scare tactics and the coast and to believe that the city of Los Angeles was son edge and the fact they basically unleashed hell on the sky in the middle of the night just shows how seriously but almost to quickly we acted on that scare. The Amphibious landing on the islands of Japan were brutal, they were basically mimicking the storming of the Eastern front. They had special landing crafts for the islands and the sandy beaches, for six months the US forces fought to keep the islands. You may think six months is short compared to the whole war but six months fighting just for islands in the Pacific took its toll on the US forces. Many men will get dehydrated from the high humidity and heat, and become very weathered down might I say from all the moving and basically living off rations which is not substantial long term. These Islands were a huge deal for the Naval fighter pilots whom would use the islands for air bases to refuel and have a halfway marker from main island of Japan. This also introduced the terms of Tunnel Rats men who would crawl into tiny holes the Japanese used to maneuver through the dense jungle. The fighting conditions down there were unforgiven and many men would fall victim to them tunnels. Al so there was a ne term called Island hopping introduced to where Allies would skip over heavily defended islands for the lightly defended islands to make it easier for the invading forces. This is a smart but also kind of bad idea because then youre basically just putting opposing forts close together and waiting for one to attack the other. And with how quickly both sides could attack it was only a matter of days before either force would unleash hell on the other. On the finally of the war in the Pacific there was a top-secret mission to create a super bomb. This would start a controversial topic in the US history of war and death of civilians. The Manhattan Project was kept secret from the general public for a reason, there is a elite group of scientist creating a bomb that will wipe out thousands of civilians and cause lifetime defects of people and possibly affect their kids. The two scientist who basically warned the US was Einstein and Enrico Fermi both whom fled Nazi persecution and felt that the Allies needed to know that the Axis powers had technology that in thir hands will definitely win the war for them. This information caused the US to begin the Manhattan Project, this was an 100 ton bomb with nuclear technology that will basically denigrate humans and anything that has flesh. The first nuclear bomb was set off in May 1945 at the Trinity Site. There was an estimated 2 billion dollars spent on this project and in that time period t hat is just a huge amount of money and to think of how many of these bombs they actually made will never be known and where they are kept is a scary thought. The project though did employ 120,000 Americans, and this was a huge boost in the economy in that area and helped out the American dream. The main scientist behind the bomb was Robert Oppenheimer and he was just brilliant minded and for just one man to be the head of so much destruction is just crazy to think he created a bomb that will easily wipe out a whole city in the matter of minutes. A few months later the biggest decision in the US military command at this time would be made, and the decision would be to drop the atomic bomb in two crucial points in the mainland of Japan. In the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, these were two major cities that when dropped the bombs would obliterate the city and their occupants. Humanely this will make you question if this was the right choice because innocent kids were killed and innocent men and women. Im sure there were people opposed to the war were killed over there and for many years people who lived the bomb would suffer from radiation poisoning and become very sick and many would end up getting to much radiations and begin having cancer and it was so bad they would die very quickly from the bomb. Imagine 100 tons of nuclear energy coming from a plane thousands of feet in the sky they are firing like crazy into the sky to shoot down the US plane but all the sudden you see the mushroom cloud and the extreme wind pressure heading your way destroying everything in its path and youre right in its way. In future years this topic will become a huge discussion in a lot of humane discussions. And many will agree that they think it was a wrong decision humanely, but that to finish the war that it was necessary, personally I see where both sides come from and I just have a hard time choosing a side and wish there were more options to go off of and to ask everyone who chose the decision why they chose it and just all the facts and stuff to fully understand. During the end of the war both sides were ready for the war to be over. The Axis powers still have not found out the full nuclear energy for an atomic bomb figured out but the Allies have, and they implemented the bomb in the end of the war. They had the Enola Gay an US bomber who carried the Atomic bomb to bomb the two cities and the bomber was named after the pilots mother. This would be the deciding factor in the ending of the war and ended up causing the Japanese to surrender in the war. This was due to the bombs being dropped and the massive casualty rate of the bomb dropping. Many people believe the Bombs were inhumane but thats their decision and for the men who chose to drop the bombs are the one whom have to live with it, but they will always know they had the right intentions in mind of stopping the war. The war was just so prolonged and especially being so considerably close to WW1 The Great War many people just wanted the wars to stop, and the world have somewhat peace wh ich is reasonable. There is no doubt in my mind the men who made the decision to drop the bomb had the best in mind knowing what would be caused and the casualty rate. The atomic bombs may seem like they are completely off topic from the war in the pacific and the attack on Pearl Harbor but there is a simple connection. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a small large scale attack, and strategic attack from the Japanese to cripple the US. But the attack just united the American people to group together all ages and all sexes and races to come as one and just basically unleash a large can of American Whoop ass. Sorry for the profanity but that is the best way I can put it and to say we didnt do all we could for the war would be an understatement. All groups of people were helping from women going to work in factories or kids collectings cans from the streets to recycle for bullets and just anything that could be used. Also the fact they sacrificed food for the military shows the true effort and support the US had for the war and just to know people use ration books to keep track to make sure they didnt consume to much food is wild because now a days we would never think of rationing food to help out our military because were so used to have a large amount of extra food and just goods to support us daily. On average I spend 200 dollars on groceries a month and some will last me for months and some for days, and to think they had only a set amount to live off of is hard for me to imagine. I got off track from the similar attributes of the attack on Pearl Harbor and how it was a major point in WW2, the attack just had so many effects on the military and the US. From the battle of Los Angeles and the coast worried they would be bombed nightly. To the strategic planning of the two militaries and the importances of the Islands and how the US would use island hopping and avoid the heavily defended islands. To Einstein and Fermi giving vital information about the Axis powers working on the nuclear bomb and Oppenheimer creating the first nuclear bomb and how that would be a turning point in just world history. The affect of the attack on Pearl Harbor will have a lasting impression on history of the world and the way the world works forever, and no one will ever think of it because of the li ttle wrinkles in the timeline that just basically cover up the fact of where they all began, on that what was seemed to be a peaceful Sunday morning, but turned into one of the deadliest attacks from a foreign military in US military history.

Fraud, Deceptions, and Downright Lies About Topics to Do an Argumentative Essay on Exposed

Fraud, Deceptions, and Downright Lies About Topics to Do an Argumentative Essay on Exposed You need to create a thesis statement to the conclusion of your introduction. Then compose a thesis or focus statement, which needs to reveal your own viewpoint. Last word of advice is to seek advice from your teacher before the last decision about this issue selection for argumentative essays. There are a lot of excellent alternatives for ending an argumentative essay that may help you decide how to format your conclusion. A thesis shouldn't be more than 1 sentence in length. To show that you're an expert of the subject of your thesis, you must use some specific and relevant examples for support in your contrast essay. Generally speaking, argumentative essays ask that you support the argument you're making using logic and support from your research. Though cause and effect essays form another sort of essays, it may also be subdivided into four different types. Analysis essays separate a subject into its constituent parts for the intent of understanding their function in regard to the whole. Furthermore, you know where to search for reliable info. You must conduct extensive studying to finish your work in accordance with all the requirements. There are various techniques you may apply to boost your skills at understanding a source. Topics to Do an Argumentative Essay on Features It is crucial to get started writing a paper far enough ahead of time to allow yourself a couple days or even per we ek to revise before it's due. Remember that the absolute most time-consuming step is researching. You may say it is your very first step to getting work. So go and get your children vaccinated. Comparing important facts can be beneficial in research writing, which is the reason why Comparative essay writing is a significant exercise for tasks that you are going to be assigned at school. Stereotypes also are developing a false idea of the way that they interact with different individuals. Concluding an essay is the hardest portion of writing for a lot of people, but nevertheless, it may make more sense if you comprehend the use of the conclusion. When you select the essay topics, think if you're able to say something interesting through it. It's possible for you to learn to compose an argumentative essay by following some conventional steps for writing an essay together with by doing some things that are needed for argumentative essays, including citing your sources. If you're writing an argumentative essay it's important that you write on a topic that you have knowledge about and you feel you're able to win over the audience with your arguments. You should also be ce rtain to have in your argumentative essay Ask for clarification. There are lots of factors which one should remember whilst revising a classification essay. An individual must realize that writing an essay isn't an easy job and there's substantial effort that's required to develop oneself into an excellent essay writer. Basically, it takes an easy strategy to compose inspiring argumentative essays. Stereotypes have produced a distortion of the way in which every individual needs to be. Modern-day readers generally prefer a story that moves along with a reasonable level of alacrity. Put simply, it should provide a last statement that touches on the significant points you've made in your essay. The very first and foremost point that is necessary in drafting a classy history essay is establishing the simple fact that you've been requested to argue about. Every character has an identical voice at that stage. Generalizations Avoiding general statements or generalizations is a significant tool to produce a potent statement. You may start with an introductory paragraph. The rules for the two aren't the exact same.

Social Communication in Nation Building Free Essays

string(133) " to measure rewards it is necessary, in part, to examine economie surveys to determine where people work and how much they get paid\." The basis of nationality is the sense of belonging to the same nation and the desire on the part of its members to live with each other at this level of community. When the political scientist wants to de fine or locate this subjective sense of community, he has used such objective criteria as common language, common history, common territory, and so forth. It is clear that ail these criteria are an expression of something more basic—shared experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Communication in Nation Building or any similar topic only for you Order Now This shared experience, which may lead to the necessary mutual trust among members of a given society and to the feeling that this group as a group is different from others, contributes continuously to national unity. National unity likewise makes shared experience more possible. To determine the human and geographie frontiers of a nation the political scientist must find ways to examine this shared experience. The problems in the Tiers Monde are greater with regard to such research than they are in Europe because much of the necessary data are not available. Research at very basic levels with some new methods is necessary. Karl W. Deutsch, professor of political science at Yale University, has proposed a quantitative interdisciplinary way to examine shared experience and, indirectly, the sense of community. 1 He suggests that one measure the quantities of communications among a given people to find out how much contact they have. For this one must use criteria such as flows of letters, telegrams, movement of vehicles, trains, planes, telephone calls, mass media of communication, location of markets, settlement patterns, and population movements, he says. If it is possible to examine these different forms of communication, or as many as possible of them, it is equally possible, he says, to estimate shared experience and make predictions about increases or decreases in shared experience. The first stage in this process, that of physical contact, is called â€Å"mobilization†. People who have intensive communications with each other are â€Å"mobilized†1 for shared experiences and are â€Å"mobiliz-ed† into a current of communications which may eventually change a physical relationship into an affective relationship. The second stage is a change in the sentiments and attitudes of the people; it is called â€Å"assimilation†. People find that, on the basis of shared experience, they communicate increasingly more effectively with members of a particular society than with others. In other words, when the â€Å"communication habits† of a population become ncreasingly standardized within a group composed of smaller groups, assimilation of the smaller groups to the larger one is occurring: â€Å"If the statistical weight of standardized experience is large, and the weight of recalled information within the [smaller] group is relatively small, and the statistical weight of feedback information about the [smaller] group’s peculi ar responses is likewise small, then the responses of such a group would differ from the responses of other groups in the same situation by a converging series, until the remaining differences might fall below the threshold of political significance. This is the process of assimilation. â€Å"2 People may also find that there are advantages to be gained in belong-ing to this new community, but there may never be a conscious choice which is made. Because a study of assimilation is a study of beliefs, values and conceptions, different kinds of data are necessary. Professor Deutsch says that there are also quantifiable. According to him, the â€Å"rate of assimilation† depends on certain linguistic, economie, and cultural â€Å"balances†: similarities in linguistic habits must be balanced, for example, against differences in value, material rewards for assimilation must be balanced against rewards for non-assimilation. To measure values he says it is necessary to give psychological tests to considerable numbers of people3 and to measure rewards it is necessary, in part, to examine economie surveys to determine where people work and how much they get paid. You read "Social Communication in Nation Building" in category "Essay examples" The problems involved in using these criteria are insurmontable at present. The data for these â€Å"balances† are lacking, and even if one had the men, the money, the machines, and the time necessary, or as many as possible of them, it is equally possible, he says, to estimate shared experience and make predictions about increases or decreases in s hared experience. The first stage in this process, that of physical contact, is called â€Å"mobilization†. People who have intensive communications with each other are â€Å"mobilized†1 for shared experiences and are â€Å"mobiliz-ed† into a current of communications which may eventually change a physical relationship into an affective relationship. The second stage is a change in the sentiments and attitudes of the people; it is called â€Å"assimilation†. People find that, on the basis of shared experience, they communicate increasingly more effectively with members of a particular society than with others. In other words, when the â€Å"communication habits† of a population become increasingly standardized within a group composed of smaller groups, assimilation of the smaller groups to the larger one is occurring: â€Å"If the statistical weight of standardized experience is large, and the weight of recalled information within the [smaller] group is relatively small, and the statistical weight of feedback information about the [smaller] group’s peculiar responses is likewise small, then the responses of such a group would differ from the responses of other groups in the same situation by a converging series, until the remaining differences might fall below the threshold of political significance. This is the process of assimilation. â€Å"2 People may also find that there are advantages to be gained in belong-ing to this new community, but there may never be a conscious choice which is made. Because a study of assimilation is a study of beliefs, values and conceptions, different kinds of data are necessary. Professor Deutsch says that there are also quantifiable. According to him, the â€Å"rate of assimilation† depends on certain linguistic, economie, and cultural â€Å"balances†: similarities in linguistic habits must be balanced, for example, against differences in value, material rewards for assimilation must be balanced against rewards for non-assimilation. To measure values he says it is necessary to give psychological tests to considerable numbers of people3 and to measure rewards it is necessary, in part, to examine economie surveys to determine where people work and how much they get paid. 4 The problems involved in using these criteria are insurmontable at present. The data for these â€Å"balances† are lacking, and even if one had the men, the money, the machines, and the time necessary, villages or in the same village. These quantifiable data served as a basis for a study of mobilization. In order to validate conclusions based on the quantitative census data I took a tour of the country during which I visited every region and lived in a few selected villages for periods of three days to a week. In the course of this tour I found that one way to investigate attitudes and assimilation was by oral histories and conceptions of kinship. My use of these histories was different from that of Professor Hubert Deschamps who had made an extensive tour of the country in 1961 to collect and record oral histories as part of a large project to write the history of Gabon. 1 As an historian he was naturally interest-ed in recording the facts of the past. For me, as a political scientist, the â€Å"truth† was irrelevant. I was interested in history as ideology: how were present relationships between tribes justified in the history, what was the place held by neighboring tribes in a given history, how were history and conceptions of kinship infmenced by present settlement patterns. I thought that these two criteria, settlement patterns and histories, could serve as a basis for estimations of trends in assimilation and mobilization and could show the relationship between non-quantifiable attitudes and quantifiable social communications. The following are some of my findings. Mobilization Gabon may be crudely divided into three generai zones of mobilization: places where people are relatively non-mobilized, where they are partially mobilized, and where they are mobilized for intensive contact with people of different ethnie groups. I have called these zones Heartland, Contact, and National. The Heartland Zone is a group of contiguous cantons in which one ethnie group or tribe clearly predominates with at least 80% of the total population. Internai communication is fairly good and may be better than means which link the area with other parts of the country. Contact Zones are on the edges of Heartland Zones; from about 50% to 80% of the people belong to one tribe. Such zones are cantons in which people of different tribes live in adjoining villages or in the same village; or they are centers of attraction such as administrative posts and markets to which people from different Heartlands travel regularly. They are most likely along roads and rivers which provide a link between Heartland Zones. There may be more mechanical means of communication in a Contact Zone than in a Heartland. National Zones are groups of contiguous cantons and large centers of attraction in which no tribe accounts for 50% of the total population. The internai means of communication are best here: they are public, mechanical, and regular. It is usually the one place where most decisions affecting the whole country are made. A. A Heartland. The largest Heartland in Gabon is that of the Fang who account for one-third of the total population of the country. 1 The center of this Heartland orresponds with the administrative region of Woleu-Ntem in the northern half of the country along the Camerounese frontier. The region is relatively isolated from the rest of Gabon but has regular contact with Cameroun and Spanish Guinea by land and water. The only road to Libreville has been in poor condition even during the dry s eason; the rains often close the road completely. While there is regular air and telegraphie communication between Libreville and administrative centers of Woleu-Ntem, there is no regular land transportation. By contrast, fair roads extend into Cameroun and Spanish Guinea where close relatives of the Fang, the Bulu, live. Merchandise is imported along these routes while coffee and cocoa exports leave Woleu-Ntem through the Cameroun. 2 Some Fang take advantage of the road to the Cameroun to attend Camerounese technical schools and go to Camerounese hospitals (particularly a missionary-run hospital not far from the frontier). Radio Cameroun is a popular source of information and entertainment. For 14 of the 16 cantons of Woleu Ntem there is a regular service of autocars which link the administrative centers of the region. For example, two little Renault cars leave Oyem, the administrative capital, every day for each canton except that of Medouneu to the far west and Lalara to the south. There are frequent cars from Oyem or Bitam to Spanish Guinea and Cameroun. Another means of internai communication has been a regional newspaper published by some Fang teachers. In 1962 it contained mainly Fang stories and essays on â€Å"the true Fang custom†. In spite 1. For studies of the Fang see Georges Balandier, Sociologie actuelle de l’Afrique Noire, Paris, 1963. P. Alexandre and J. Binet, Le Groupe dit Pahouin, Paris, 1958. James Fernandez, Redistributive Acculturation in Fang Culture, unpublished, Northwestern, 1963. 2. Neither Libreville nor Port-Gentil, which are both on the ocean, have a port which can adequately accomodate large ships. f the great preponderance of Fang in the region, it was printed in French and was issued in only 75 copies. About 55,000 out of a total adult population of 56,500, or 98% are Fang in this region. 1 In the canton of Woleu, for example, there are 5,531 Africans of whom 5,473 are Fang. Non-Fang live in well-defined quarters in the town of Oyem; most of these people are Bulu merchants from southern Cameroun or Bakota who have moved from a neighboring region to work as servants or to attend a Roman Catholic secondary school. While these â€Å"foreigners† move into the Woleu-Ntem, the present Fang residents are fairly stationary. The census indicates that 80% of the men between the ages of 15 and 59 were born in the place the census taker found them. However, only 12% of the women were born in the place they were counted. 2 This does not mean that many Fang have not moved outside the Woleu-Ntem for many have; it means that Fang maies, who still live in the region, have an interest in continuing to live in the village where they were born and that they find wives outside their village. Several women in each of the villages along the Guinea and Cameroun frontiers indicated that they were born in these neighboring states. Contiguous with the Woleu-Ntem are eight cantons which are an extension of the Heartland. The Fang have moved into these particul-ar cantons partly because the ways of communication exist. For example, the administrative region of Ogooue-Ivindo has three cantons adjacent to the Fang Heartland. In two of these cantons the Fang represent 80% or more of the total population and in the third they represent only 2% of the total population. The difference is that the two cantons with high Fang percentages are linked to the Woleu-Ntem by a river and a road while the other has no such link. In the sixteen cantons of Woleu-Ntem plus the eight cantons in adjacent regions which constitute the Heartland there are 70,000 Fang out of a total Fang population in Gabon of 106,000. On the basis of settlement patterns 66% of the Fang are, therefore, non-mobilized. Their contacts are almost exclusively with other Fang. Table I indicates that over half the Gabonese have no contact with people of tribes different from their own. Not ail the tribes of Gabon have Heartlands; of those who do have Heartlands 62% live in them. The total population of the country (14 and older) was approximately 285 000. 3 If the total population 1. Unless otherwise noted ail census figures refer to people 14 and older. 2. Recensement et enquete demographiques ic6o-ic6i: Resultats provisoires ensemble du Gabon, Service de Cooperation de l’Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes economiques, Paris, 1963, p. 24. 3. Ail the calculations, unless otherwise noted, are my own; they are based How to cite Social Communication in Nation Building, Essay examples